Civil+Right+Challenges+and+Milestone+Presidents

These are the milestones and challenges of the civil rights movements of the 20th century. Once they have all been completed you will copy them to your Civil Rights page. Place a definition next to your assigned terms and link to an article about the topic from this [|site].

[|Bill of Rights Link-Here is the place where the rights are preserved!]

[|Alcatraz Island Takeover] The members of the American Indian movement took over the island in the middle of San Francisco Bay to hightlight the plight of the American Indians. They maintained a presences for many months and helped force changes in government policy towards the American Indians.

[|Wounded Knee (1973)]- On February 27, 1973 members of AIM took over the area around the site of the Wounded Knee Massacre (1890). They were protesting the treatment of American Indians by the Federal Government in general and the Bureau of Indian Affair in particular. While their siege was maintained they were surrounded by an overwhelming military force and threatened with violence. This created sympathy and understanding for the plight of Native Americans and prompted the beginning of changes.

American Indian Movement- The **American Indian Movement** (**AIM**), is an [|Indian] [|activist] organization in the [|United States]. AIM burst onto the international scene with its [|seizure] of the [|Bureau of Indian Affairs] headquarters in [|Washington, D.C.], in 1972 and the 1973 [|standoff at Wounded Knee], [|South Dakota], on the [|Pine Ridge Indian Reservation]. AIM was cofounded in 1968 by [|Dennis Banks], George Mitchell, Herb Powless, [|Clyde Bellecourt], Eddie Benton-Banai, and many others in the Native American community, almost 200 total. [|Russell Means] was another early leader. In the decades since AIM's founding, the group has led protests advocating Indigenous American interests, inspired cultural renewal, monitored police activities and coordinated employment programs in cities and in rural reservation communities across the United States. AIM has often supported other indigenous interests outside the United States as well.

Museum of the Native American- The Smithsonian’s **National Museum of the American Indian** is a museum dedicated to the life, languages, literature, history, and arts of the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere. It was established in 1989 through an [|Act of Congress]. Operating under the auspices of the [|Smithsonian Institution]. This museum was designed by Native Americans to showcase their cultures and history. The building itself is a well-designed monument to highlite the various habitats and styles of building for native peoples in the hemisphere.
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[|Alcatraz Island Takeover]

Beginning on November 20, 1969, a group of [|Native Americans] from many different tribes (many individual Native Americans relocated to the Bay Area under the Federal [|Indian Reorganization Act] of 1934), occupied the island, and proposed an education center, ecology center and cultural center. According to the occupants, the [|Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)] between the U.S. and the Sioux returned all retired, abandoned or out-of-use federal land to the Native people from whom it was acquired. During the eighteen months of occupation, several buildings were damaged or destroyed by fires, including the recreation hall, the Coast Guard quarters and the Warden's home. The origins of the fires are unknown. A number of other buildings (mostly apartments) were destroyed by the U.S. Government after the occupation had ended. Graffiti from the period of Native American occupation are still visible at many locations on the island.[|[4]] During the occupation, the [|Indian termination policy], designed to end federal recognition of tribes, was rescinded by President Richard Nixon, and the new policy of self-determination was established, in part as a result of the publicity and awareness created by the occupiers. The occupation ended on June 11, 1971.

Title VII An important provision within the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that "prohibits discrimination by covered employers on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin." Sex was reportedly added to the originally bill in order to erode support for the other portions that had to do with race. Today the bill helps to promote equity regardless of the many factors that make us differ.

 Title IX Title IX The title 9 act is now known as the Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act in honor of its principal author, but more commonly known simply as title 9, is a United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: That no person in the United States shall on the basis of sex, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. The legislation covers all educational activities, and complaints under Title IX alleging discrimination in fields such as science or math education, or in other aspects of academic life such as access to health care and dormitory facilities, are not unheard of. It also applies to non-sport activities such as school bands, cheerleaders, and clubs; however, social fraternities and sororities, gender-specific youth clubs such as Girl Scouts and Boy Scouts, and Girls State and Boys State are specifically exempt from Title IX requirements. Title IX is administered by the Office of Civil Rights in the U.S. Department of Education. It applies to an entire school or institution if any part of that school receives federal funds; hence, athletic programs are subject to Title IX, even though there is very little direct federal funding of school sports. That is basical what the title 9 act is.  
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The Feminine Mystique (Betty Friedan)
 * // Betty Friedan (February 4 1921- February 5, 2006) //**     
 * //The Feminine Mystique //**, published [|19 February] [|1963] is a book written by [|Betty Friedan] which brought to light the lack of fulfillment in many women's lives, which was generally kept hidden. “It ignited the contemporary women’s movement in 1963 and as a result permanently transformed the social fabric of the United States and countries around the world” The book came about after Friedan sent a questionnaire to the other women in her 1942 smith college graduating class. That the women are victims of a false belief system that requires them to find identity and meaning in their lives through their husbands and children. Betty Friedan is the Arthur **//__The Feminine Mystique.__//** She was an American feminist, activist and writer, best known for starting what is commonly known as the “second wave” 

Minuteman Project- Minuteman Project is an activist organization started in April 2005 by a group of private individuals in the United States to monitor the US- Mexico border’s flow of illegal immigrants. This was co-founded by Jim Gilchrist. Militiamen who fought in the American Revolution War is how the name, minutemen came from. The Minuteman Project describes itself as “a citizens Neighboehood Watch on our border”

Proposition 187 (California)- California proposition 187 was a 1994 ballot initiative designed to deny illegal immigrants social service, health care, and public education. It was introduced by assemblyman Dick Mountjoy as the Save Our State initiative. The law required a person to prove their citizenship before they could have access to any government services. After it was approved by the voters of California a long court battle meant that it could not be enforced. A gathering of 250.000 protesters marched to highlight the unfairness of the law.
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United Farm Workers The **United Farm Workers of America** (UFW) is a [|labor union] that evolved from unions founded in [|1962] by [|César Chávez], [|Philip Vera Cruz], [|Dolores Huerta], and Larry Itliong. This union changed from a workers' rights organization that helped [|workers] get unemployment insurance to that of a union of [|farmworkers] almost overnight, when the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) went out on strike in support of the mostly [|Filipino] farmworkers of the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC) led by Larry Itliong in [|Delano], [|California] who had previously initiated a grape strike on [|September 8], [|1965]. The NFWA and the AWOC, recognizing their common goals and methods, and realizing the strengths of coalition formation, jointly formed the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee on [|August 22], [|1966].[|[][|1][|]] This organization eventually became the United Farm Workers and launched a boycott of table grapes that, after five years of struggle, finally won a contract with the major grape growers in California.
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"Operation Wetback"

Operation Wetback was a 1954 project of the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) to remove about four million illegal immigrants from the southwestern United States. It focused on Mexican nationals. Many border control man walked into Mexican-American neighborhood and did random ID checks of Mexican-American looking people. By July many Mexican-Americans were caught in between two different states. By September, 80,000 had been taken into custody in Texas and the INS estimates that 500,000 to 700,000 had left Texas on their own. Tens of thousands more were deported by two chartered ships, the Emancipation and the Mercurio.

[|Mendez v. Westminster] **__Sylvia Mendez__** is an Latino civil rights activist of Mexican-Puerto Rican heritage. At the age of eight, she played an important role in the //Mendez v. Westminster// case, the landmark desegregation case of 1946. The case successfully ended segregation in California and set a precedent for the better-known //Brown v. Board of Education// seven years later and paved the way for integration and the American civil rights movement. Mendez grew up during a time when most southern and southwestern schools were segregated. In California Hispanics were not allowed to attend schools that were designated for "Whites" only and were sent to the so-called "Mexican schools." Sylvia Mendez was denied enrollment to a "Whites" only school, an event which prompted her parents to take action which would eventually bring to an end the era of segregated education. ~Cristal Mendez~

[|Zoot Suit Riot] The **Zoot Suit Riots** were a series of riots that erupted in [|Los Angeles], [|California] during [|World War II], between sailors and Marines stationed throughout the city and [|Latino] youths, who were recognizable by the [|zoot suits] they favored. While [|Mexican Americans] were the primary targets of military servicemen, [|African American] and [|Filipino]/[|Filipino American] youth were also targeted. Local authorities and newspapers blamed the trouble and violence on the latinos youths that they called Pachucos. The authorities were reluctant to accept that the soldiers and sailors were racially motivated, however the military authorities forbade their personel from returning to the city. Eleanor Roosevelt, the first lady, called the incident a "race-riot" and called for more mutual understanding. Voting Rights Act The **National Voting Rights Act of 1965** ( [|42 U.S.C.] [|§ 1973]–[|1973aa-6] )[|[][|1][|]] outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread [|disenfranchisement] of African Americans in the [|United States]. Echoing the language of the [|15th Amendment], the Act prohibited states from imposing any "voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure ... to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color."[|[][|2][|]] Specifically, Congress intended the Act to outlaw the practice of requiring otherwise qualified voters to pass [|literacy tests] in order to register to vote, a principal means by which southern states had prevented African-Americans from exercising the franchise.[|[][|3][|]]

MLK Assassination
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Martin Luther King Jr was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee in April the 4th of 1968. He was 39 when he died. Martin Luther King Jr was staying in the Lorraine Motel in room 306. He was in Memphis to support a strike of the African- American sanitation workers. The assassination lead to a nationwide wave of riots in more then 60 cities. President Lyndon B. Johnson made a national day of mourning for the lost civil rights leader. Today we have a day to remember Martin Luther King Jr.

Letter from Birmingham Jail The **Letter from Birmingham Jail** or **Letter from Birmingham City Jail**, is an [|open letter] written on [|April 16], [|1963], by [|Martin Luther King, Jr.], an [|American] [|civil rights] leader. King wrote the letter from the city jail in [|Birmingham], [|Alabama], where he was confined after being arrested for his part in a non-violent protest conducted against [|segregation]. King's letter is a response to a statement made by eight white Alabama clergymen on [|April 12], [|1963], titled "[|A Call For Unity]". The clergymen agreed that social injustices existed but argued that the battle against racial segregation should be fought solely in the courts, not in the streets. King responded that without nonviolent forceful [|direct actions] such as his, true [|civil rights] could never be achieved. As he put it, "This 'Wait' has almost always meant 'Never.'" He asserted that not only was [|civil disobedience] justified in the face of unjust laws, but that "one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws."
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16th Street Baptist Church Bombing (Birmingham) The Birmingham bombing on September 15 of 1963, were caused by the incredible tensions occurring between the blacks and the whites at the time. The bombing was a terrorist tactic to frighten the local black community, however, the decided target was a church. As a result, at 10:18 four girls lost their lives. In addition to the four children killed in the bombings, twenty two others were injured. The church suffered immense damage. The KKK took responsibility for the act. Justice was prolonged and for quite some time, and until just recently, most of the party that were responsible had not suffered the consequences of their actions. The repercussions of the bombings echoed across the city, as riots erupted and violence broke out.
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Mongomery Bus Boycott The **Montgomery Bus Boycott** was a political and social [|protest] campaign started in 1955 in [|Montgomery, Alabama], intended to oppose the city's policy of [|racial segregation] on its [|public transit] system. The ensuing struggle lasted from December 1, 1955, to December 20, 1956, and led to a [|United States Supreme Court] decision that declared the [|Alabama] and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses unconstitutional. The boycotted started after Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving up her seat to a white passenger. Local civil rights leaders and outsiders such as Martin Luther King, Jr. successfully organized a boycott and a system of alternative transportation that crippled the city's bus line. This was one of the earliest and most successful civil rights protests of the modern civil rights era.
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Brown vs. Board of Education- Segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because separate facilities are inherently unequal. District Court if Kansas reversed. The named plaintiff, Oliver Brown was a parent, his daughter Linda had to walk six blocks to her school bus to ride to Monroe Elementary , segregated school one mile away while Summer Elementary school , white school was seven blocks away from her house.

Japanese American Internment The forcible relocation and [|internment] of approximately 110,000 [|Japanese nationals] and [|Japanese Americans] to housing facilities called "War Relocation Camps", in the wake of [|Imperial Japan]'s attack on [|Pearl Harbor]. The internment of Japanese Americans was applied unequally throughout the United States. Japanese Americans residing on the [|West Coast of the United States] were all interned, whereas in [|Hawaii], where over 150,000 Japanese Americans composed nearly a third of that territory's population, an additional 1,200 to 1,800 Japanese Americans were interned. Of those interned, 62 percent were [|United States] citizens. Unlike other civil rights injustices committed by the United States, this one was acknowledged and an apology and financial settlement were produced for the people where sent to camps.
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